@Malnutrition Just as an update so you know this is still ongoing:
1) New 45W power adapter was delivered. Computer recognizes being plugged in, the little lighting symbol over the battery shows it charging for about 5 seconds and then it drops, however, the computer still recognizes that it's plugged in because the computer clocks down to 0.40gHz.
2) Some damage on the power jack, so I ordered another one, in case that was the issue. That also arrived. I've installed it. Same issue.
3) Ran a diagnostic from the F2 startup menu on the power components and it says that it cannot run the test because the power from the adapter is insufficient. So I borrowed a 65W HP Adapter from a buddy of mine. Same issue. Still not enough power.
4) Now, you told me to throw away the old charger, because we don't want a short circuit, and I agree. However, I needed to continue using the computer for work and I go through a full battery charge, twice daily, so I could not throw out the charger as it's the only way to recharge the laptop. Why, you ask, does that charger still work, but the others don't? Interesting answer (for me at least, with no knowledge of power adapters). It would seem that, because the original adapter has a bent pin, the pin never actually is accepted into the jack in the correct spot.
So as I far as I can tell, here is the remaining issue:
1) no matter what, when there is a charger attached (whether the laptop allows the battery to take the charge or not) the laptop clocks down to 0.40gHz.
2) If the pin inside the charger is straight and makes contact where it should with the jack, the computer will not allow the battery to charge, BUT the laptop still clocks down to 0.40 gHz.
2a) an adapter without a pin (the bent pin) will allow the battery to charge, but the laptop still clocks at 0.40gHz.
3) If running on battery alone, no adapter anywhere near the jack, the laptop runs like a perfect laptop. Faster than any I've ever had. Clocks up to 4.00 gHz when it overclocks.
4) 45W and 65W adapters have the same reaction from the laptop.
I realize you're not a hardware expert, but I wanted to give you an update out of respect for all the work you've put in to date!
My next steps are limited. I'm considering updating the BIOS but I'm not 100% sure on how to safely do that one yet. I don't want to order a higher wattage power adapter because of cost, especially if that's not the issue. It is possible though that a higher watt adapter will do the trick. If I knew more about what the center pin does in the adapter I may be able to better troubleshoot.