In Progress Hard drive works but is not detected through SATA

I recently built a computer to slowly upgrade (specs listed below) and I want some more storage. I have an SSD on the way, but for now I'm booting off a 1TB Samsung Spinpoint (2.5 in, 7200 rpm) drive removed from an old external hard drive case. It works better than expected; I unplugged the SATA - USB 3 adapter and plugged it right in. my copy of windows and all files were intact.
I tried doing the same with another Seagate external drive (which internally is nearly identical; also a Samsung Spinpoint of the same line, just 2TB instead of one), formatting the drive and removing partitions with diskpart using the USB 3 cable then plugging it in with SATA with the computer off. When I use a USB adapter it works perfectly and I have 1.8 TB available. When I use SATA, it isn't detected in the UEFI BIOS or the PC. Any ideas? I have tried using different SATA cables, different ports, disabling then re-enabling SATA ports in BIOS, enabling hot-swap, formatting differently, etc. with no luck. Drive is spinning and clicking as usual with no output to the computer.

My computer:
AMD Ryzen 5 5600g
ASUS Prime B450M
2x8 GB Corsair Vengeance LPX 3200
Stock cooler (for now), PCIe WIFI card, and the hard drives mentioned already
Windows 11 pro
Motherboard set to performance mode

Thanks for any help.

Neo

yes! It is initialized and is detected properly on another system. The drive does seem to be damaged -- When I loaded DiskGenius on the other computer and tried to install an OS from another drive it said there was a "fatal device error". That doesn't explain to me why my computer didn't detect it, but if it needs thrown out or refurbished anyway I can settle for that.